Panel switch wiring

Saturday, September 20, 2014

Explanation Fuse Box Mercy 2004 C240 Engine Diagram

Fuse Box Mercy 2004 C240 Engine Diagram - Below is Fuse Box Mercy 2004 C240 Engine Diagram.

Fuse Box Mercy 2004 C240 Engine Diagram

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: socket, rear SAM control unit, relay, fuse and relay module.

Friday, September 19, 2014

Simple and hold circuit using op amp Circuits Wiring diagram

As the name indicates , a sample and hold schema is a schema which samples an input signal and holds onto its last sampled value until the input is sampled again. Sample and hold diagram are commonly used in analogue to digital converts, communication diagram, PWM diagram etc. The schema shown below is of a sample and hold schema based on uA 741 opamp , n-channel E MOSFET BS170 and few passive components.

Description

As the name indicates , a sample and hold schema is a schema which samples an input signal and holds onto its last sampled value until the input is sampled again. Sample and hold diagram are commonly used in analogue to digital converts, communication diagram, PWM diagram etc. The schema shown below is of a sample and hold schema based on uA 741 opamp , n-channel E MOSFET BS170 and few passive components.

In the schema MOSFET BS170 (Q1) works as a switch while opamp uA741 is wired as a voltage follower. The signal to be sampled (Vin) is applied to the drain of MOSFET while the sample and hold control voltage (Vs) is applied to the source of the MOSFET. The source pin of the MOSFET is connected to the non inverting input of the opamp through the resistor R3. C1 which is a polyester capacitor serves as the charge storing device. Resistor R2 serves as the load resistor while preset R1 is used for adjusting the offset voltage.

During the positive half cycle of the Vs, the MOSFET is ON which acts like a closed switch and the capacitor C1 is charged by the Vin and the same voltage (Vin) appears at the output of the opamp. When Vs is zero MOSFET is switched off and the only discharge path for C1 is through the inverting input of the opamp. Since the input impedance of the opamp is too high the voltage Vin is retained and it appears at the output of the opamp.

The time periods of the Vs during which the voltage across the capacitor (Vc) is equal to Vin are called sample periods (Ts) and the time periods of Vs during which the voltage across the capacitor C1 (Vc) is held constant are called hold periods (Th). Taking a close look at the input and output wave forms of the schema will make it easier to understand the working of the schema.

Circuit diagram

Sample and Hold schema using uA741 opamp

Input and output waveforms.

Input and output waveforms - Sample and hold schema

Notes

The schema can be assembled on a vero board.
Use +15V/-15V DC dual supply for powering the opamp.
Capacitor C1 must have minimum leakage current possible and thats why a polyester capacitor is used here.
Mount the IC uA741 on a holder.
The type number of the MOSFET Q1 is not very significant here and so substitution is possible if BS170 is not available.
BS170 is a 60V, 500mA n-channel enhancement mode MOSFET available in TO-92 package.
Preset resistor R1 can be used for offset adjustments.

Thursday, September 18, 2014

Batteries Charger PSU Ideal for Digital Cameras

This circuit was created for digital cameras. Its known the digital cameras have considerable power consumption. For example my camera Minolta E223 requires approximately 800 mA. In practice a mains power supply or high capacity NiMH accumulators (batteries) can satisfy this demand. Batteries Charger & PSU Circuit diagram: This circuit consists of two parts, charger and adapter. The transformer, rectifier bridge and buffer condensator are common. Adapter is quite simply its main part is an adjustable voltage regulator LM 317 according to usual setting. Output is a suitable for camera jack plug. Voltage can be adjusted in range 2-9 V. In the charger circuit a 7805 fixed voltage regulator works as current generator assured constant current during charging. This charging current can be adjusted with the 100 /1W potentiometer in range about 50-300 mA indicated by a small current measuring instrument. From one to four batteries can be charged simultaneously. The switch must be set according to number of batteries, and charging current of batteries given by manufacturer must be adjusted. This circuit doesnt measure charging time and charging condition of batteries. Manufacturers give charging time, usually 14-16 h. I solved this problem with a simply, cheap mechanical mains timer. I think its accuracy is sufficient.

Sandor Dobany from Hungary
dsandor@minimail.hu

Wednesday, September 17, 2014

How to Build a FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

How to Build a FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram. Lets start this simple FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram making. FM transmitter circuit schematic with a single transistor. It build with a very few numbers of components include a transistor, few capacitors, resistors and a small microphone.

Tuesday, September 16, 2014

Fuse Box Ford 2001 Mustang GT Diagram

Fuse Box Ford 2001 Mustang GT Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box Ford 2001 Mustang GT Diagram.

Fuse Box Ford 2001 Mustang GT Diagram

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: ABS control module, control relay module, wheel speed sensor, mass air flow, headlamp, fog lamp, park lamp, engine cooling fan, A/C clutch cycling pressure switch, cool on plug.

Monday, September 15, 2014

Ultrasonic Wave Receiver Circuit

Ultrasonic Wave Receiver

Ultrasonic recipients will receive an ultrasonic signal emitted by an ultrasonic transmitter in accordance with the characteristic frequency. Received signal is going through the process of filtering using the frequency band pass filter circuit, with a frequency value that is passed has been determined.

Sunday, September 14, 2014

Proteus VSM Software

The most powerful CAD system, allowing virtually simulate work a huge amount of analog and digital devices.

Proteus VSM software package allows you to build a scheme of any electronic device and simulate its performance, identifying mistakes made at the design stage and tracing. The program consists of two modules. ISIS - Editor of electronic circuits, followed by imitation of their work. ARES - editor PCB autorouter equipped Electra, built-in editor libraries and automatic placement of components on the board. Besides ARES can create a three-dimensional model of the PCB.

Proteus VSM includes more than 6,000 electronic components with all reference data, as well as demonstration projects study.The program has the tools and USBCONN COMPIM, which allow you to connect virtual device to the USB port and the computer COM.When connecting to these ports any external device virtual circuit will work with it as if it existed in reality.Proteus VSM supports the following compilers: CodeVisionAVR and WinAVR (AVR), ICC (AVR, ARM7, Motorola), HiTECH (8051, PIC Microchip) and Keil (8051, ARM).You can export models of electronic components from the program PSpice.

Despite the fact that the program works with devices consisting of several microcontrollers and even with chips from different manufacturers in a single device, you must clearly understand that the simulation replicates the real work schemes are not exactly!To avoid errors, you need a clear idea of the final result.

Proteus VSM is a commercial product. There is a free demo version. It has all the features and capabilities of pay package, but you can not save or print the result of the work to create your own microcontroller.

English-language program menu. Complete localization system for Proteus VSM not. You must install the program in a folder without Cyrillic characters in the title.

Operating systems, which employ this CAD - is Windows 2000 / XP / Vista / 7. Note that Proteus VSM functional in Windows 7, but starting with version 7.8.

Distribution of the program: Shareware (fee required), the price - from £ 99

Official site of Proteus: http://www.labcenter.com

Saturday, September 13, 2014

Sound Activated Lamp Relay Switch Circuit

This simple Sound-Activated Lamp schema shown int the schematic diagram actives the switch using sound. We can use this schema for various applications, such as automatic (sound-controlled) disco light or car’s LED light show. The Q1 amplify the audio from mic. The R1 is used to adjust the peak of signal to greater than about 0.7 volts, act as sensitivity adjuster. A certain level, the signal coming from microphone, after amplification by Q1, will trigger the SCR and light lamp I1. If we change the lamp with a relay, then we can get a sound-activated relay/switch, which can be used to control more powerful / high wattage high voltage lamps. If we use a relay, place a 1N4007 diode in parallel with the relay coil to prevent the back-emf from relay coil destroying the SCR.

Sound-Activated Lamp Circuit Diagram

Friday, September 12, 2014

12V Latch Wiring diagram Schematic

This schema controls a solenoid by the operation of a single push-button switch. The schema will supply loads of over 1 A and can be operated up to a maximum speed of once every 0.6 second. When power is first applied to the schema, the solenoid will always start in its off position. Other features of the schema are its automatic turn-off, if the load is shorted, and its virtually zero-power consumption when off.

12V Latch Circuit Diagram

Thursday, September 11, 2014

2000 Chevrolet Chevy Blazer Wiring Diagram

(More Detail Visit Here)

This is 2000 Chevrolet Chevy Blazer Wiring Diagram: power distribution schematic, fuel pump relay control, fuel pump and sender, splice pack, fuel pump prime connector, ground distribution svhematic, underhood fuse block, vehicle control module, fuel pump relay control..

Wednesday, September 10, 2014

Police siren

This schema generate the sound of American police siren.We have used famous NE 555 IC for this.you can operate this schema with DC 12v power.

9 Volt DC Power Supply Using LM317 Regulator

There are many ways to obtain a very stable voltage 9VDC which has very minimal distortion. If you really love in the audio field, you must have a power supply at the level of the OP Amp should be free from hum. Use of Power Supply which has a higher stabilization and free of humming and buzzing frequently encountered in the use of communication tools such as Handy-talkie and radio transmitters.

To overcome the above problem, we have to provide the filters on the power supply using IC regulator. You can use the LM 7809 or you can also use the regulator IC LM 317. This regulator has advantages over the use of IC 78XX. LM317 has a nature that is at the Gate (no.1 feet) can be tuned to provide feedback which is inversely proportional to the value of R (resistor). The R value can affect the output voltage on pin 2(V-out), pin 3 as input (V-in). The function R can be replaced with a variable resistor, but you must have an indicator meter or AVO meter to ensure that the output voltage is true 9 Volt. If youve found your desired voltage, for example 9VDC, then you can connect to the component that you want to turn on. So first set the output voltage using a volt meter before connecting to the equipment to be you turn on.

KA317 / LM317 is a Three Terminal Positive Adjustable Regulator integrated schema, the monolithic characteristic adjustable positive voltage regulator designed to supply more than 1.5 A of load current with output voltage can be adjusted with a range capability 1.2 V of up to 37 V. This tool will work for internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and securing the compensation scope. You have to use aluminum as an additional cooling.

This schema will deliver 9V regulated DC voltage at maximum current of about 1A. The schema uses a transformer with a secondary output voltage 15-24V AC/1A. To give input in Primary of transformer, it’s dependent electrical conduit installation in your home. If the mains voltage 110V, then you have to find a 110V in transformer primary voltage. For the diode, you can use 4 pieces diodes 1N4002 (1A rectifier diode) or better by using a diode bridge 2A.

9 Volt DC Power Supply Using LM317 Regulator

In the following schema scheme, we can see the typical basic application into obtaining voltage can be adjusted.

simple dynamic microphone amplifier

This is a schema Which can use as a dynamic microphone amplifier.This schema can handle 50Hz to 100Khz signals.

Note

# This schema is designed for use with 200 Ohm dynamic microphones. For usage with low impedance microphones, the value of R3 must be increased to around 47o Ohms and

# C1 must be decreased to around 2.2uF.

Simple Comperator Frequency LED Wiring diagram Schematic

This Simple Comparator Frequency LED Circuit Diagram uses a comparison frequency IC 74HCT00, the device enabling frequency pulses are compared. Frequency F1 (signal frequency channel 1) and F2 (signal frequency channel 2). If the two frequencies are equal, then LED lights.

Comperator Frequency LED Circuit Diagram

Active band reject filter Circuit

A filter with a band-reject characteristic is frequently referred to as a notch filter. A typical schema using a Âµ 741 is the unity-gain configuration for this type of active filter shown. The filter response curve shown is a second-order band-reject filter with a notch frequency of 3 kHz. The resulting Q of this filter is about 23, with a notch depth of - 31 dB.Although three passive networks are used in this application, the operational amplifier has become a sharply tuned low-frequency filter without the use of inductors or large-value capacitors.

Active band-reject filter Circuit Diagram

active band-reject filter circuit diagran

Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Buffer Circuit

The series is a series of input buffer equal to the output. In this is such a common collector circuit of air-reinforcement = 1. R value attached to restrict the current use is issued. Great value depends on the indication of its components, is usually not installed or flow is maximized in accordance with the op-amp capability.

Buffer circuit here serves to reinforce the clock signal and synchronization for robust enough to be transmitted through a cable with a considerable distance. buffer circuit should have a fairly low output impedance. because the synchronization clock line and this is the track "bus" that is connected to a series of client (branch) in parallel. output current should also be quite large, so as to move a few branches. output buffer in addition to pulse and synchronization signals can also be used as a source of supply.

Buffer circuit using Darlington pairs that have the advantage as expected above. strengthening the buffer is quite high. R base serves as aretaining basis.Vin flow is the input voltage that comes from a series of MMV ( multivibrator). Where active at the level of ± 6V Vin = VCC.

Subwoofer amplifier with 30W output power

Amplifier circuit is very suitable for use in subwoofer amplifier system based on IC SI1030G. Amplfier has 30W output with 8 ohm impedance. Supply voltage required minimum of 12 volts and a maximum of up to 22 volts DC.

Component List :

R1 = 100K

R2 = 1R

C1 = 2.2uF

C2 = 100uF
C3 = 47uF
C4 = 100nF
C5 = 10uF
C6 = 47uF
C7 = 100uF
IC = SI1020GL , SI1030G

Precision Full Wave Ac Dc Converter Wiring diagram Schematic

A dc level is produced that corresponds to the ac input rms value (if sine wave), -i set the gain of IC2 to 1.11. This factor is the average-to-rms conversion factor. IC1 and IC2 act as a full-wave rectifier schema, with Dl and D2.

Precision Full-Wave Ac/Dc Converter Circuit Diagram

Overload protection for speakers

Although the protection circuit is fairly simple, it forms an effective guard against overload of the input of amplifiers and loudspeakers. Why these inputs may need protection now that line levels have been standardized is because there are signal sources on the market that generate outputs of several volts instead of the standardized 1 V r.m.s. Also, in some applications, the loudspeaker signal is applied to the line output of a separate amplifier via a voltage divider, in which case the levels may be well above 1 V r.m.s. The diagram shows a schematic that resembles the familiar series resistor and zener diode. Here, however, the zener is constructed from a small rectifier and a transistor, since commercial zeners appear to start conducting way below their rated values, which gives rise to unwanted distortion. The constructed zener makes a well-defined limitation possible and does not affect signals below the critical level. Configuring T1 as a diode reduces the number of components needed to a minimum: not even a voltage divider or potentiometer is required. Measurements on the prototype show that the input signal remains virtually undistorted at levels up to 700 mV r.m.s. At the threshold of 1 V r.m.s., the distortion is about 0.02%. Above this level, limiting is welldefined. The peak output voltage of the circuit is about 3 V with an input voltage of about 13 V r.m.s. If the limiting level is required to be slightly higher, consideration should be given to replacing T1 by three or four cascaded diodes.

LM317K 3A Switching Regulator Circuit

When compared to linear voltage regulators the switching voltage regulators are much power efficient. In the case of linear voltage regulators the difference between the input and output voltage is just wasted and for switching regulators there is almost no such wastage and that’s why the switching regulators have great power efficiency ranging up to 85% . In simple words, the switching regulator operates by taking small bits of energy from the input voltage source and then transferring it to the output with the help of a solid state switch and a control schemary. Since the switching element is either fully open or closed at any moment, no energy is wasted across it. The control schema controls the duty cycle of the solid state switch which in turn determines rate at which energy is transferred to the output.

The electronic schema given here is of a simple and low cost switching regulator using the IC LM317 that can deliver up to 3A of current. The input voltage range of this schema is between 8 to 35V DC and the output voltage can be adjusted between 1.8 to 32V DC. The output voltage can be adjusted by using the POT R4.

Loudspeaker Protector Monitors Current

This schema uses a 0.1O 1W resistor connected in series with the output of a power amplifier. When the amplifier is delivering 100W into an 8O load, the resistor will be dissipating 1.25W. The resulting temperature rise is sensed by a thermistor which is thermally bonded to the resistor. The thermistor is connected in series with a resistor string which is monitored by the non-inverting (+) inputs of four comparators in an LM339 quad comparator. All of the comparator inverting inputs are connected to an adjustable threshold voltage provided by trimpot VR1. As the thermistor heats up, its resistance increases, raising the voltage along the resistor ladder.

Loudspeaker Protector Monitors Current Circuit diagram:

loudspeaker-protector-schema-diagram-monitors-current

Loudspeaker Protector Circuit Diagram

When the voltage on the non-inverting input of each comparator exceeds the voltage at its inverting input, the output switches high and illuminates the relevant LED. NOR gate latches are connected to the outputs of the third and fourth comparators. When the third comparator switches high, the first latch is set, turning on Q1 and relay 1. This switches in an attenuation network (resistors RA & RB) to reduce the power level. However, if the power level is still excessive, comparator 4 will switch, setting its latch and turning on Q2 and relay 2.

This disconnects the loudspeaker load. The thermistor then needs to cool down before normal operation will be restored. The values of R1-R4 depend on the thermistor used. For example, if a thermistor with a resistance of 1.5kO at 25°C is used, then R1 could be around 1.5kO and R2, R3 and R4 would each be 100O (depending the temperature coefficient of the thermistor). The setup procedure involves connecting a sinewave oscillator to the input of the power amplifier and using a dummy load for the output. Set the power level desired and adjust trimpot VR1 to light LED1. Then increase the power to check that the other LEDs light at satisfactory levels.

Author: David Devers - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

Power amplifier 450W with sanken

Circuit of power amplifiers with power output of 450 watts mono , amplifiers are also frequently used in the amplifier a high-power amplifier, which used in an event, in the field and the placed closed. Because this amplifier suitable for the woofer, fullrange speaker, and can also be fixed for the subwoofer speaker. To further strengthen and maximize the amplifier ,its power supply circuit also must be accurate, for electrolytic capacitors in power supply ,voltage capacitors use 80V or more, and a capcity 20000uF upwards, so when the bass amplifier is high , the voltage is not lot of experience dropping. Diode bridge use a minimum of 35A, or adjust the current input voltage. If the power supply has fulfilled the desire, the supply to the power amplifier.
In the buffer circuit uses PNP transistor A1266 / A564 / A733 /A1015 / A798 and NPN with MJE340.To the driver circuit using PNP transistor MJE350 and MJE350. For the final amplifier circuit use two set 2SC2922 and 2SA1216. Use a quality sanken transistor to maximize quality sound output.

Below is the amplifier and finshed PCB layout.

bottom view

Top view

If the track pcb does not look, you can download this series in the form of fort board, use the eagle cadsoft application to open it, but its components are not ordered , to their own satisfaction you can design it with your whishes.

Download file .brd here

Installation power amplifier

This is power supply

already amplifier

TV transmitter circuit

The TV transmitter given here uses UK standard 1 FM modulation for sound and PAL for video modulation. The audio signal to be modulated is pre-amplified using the transistor Q1 and associated components. The transistor Q2 has two jobs: production of carrier frequency and modulation. The pre-amplified audio signal is fed to the base of transistor Q2 for modulation. Capacitor C5 and inductor L1 forms the tank schema which is responsible for producing the carrier frequency. The video signal is fed to the emitter of transistor Q2 via POT R7 for modulation. The modulated composite signal (audio+video) is transmitted by the antenna A1.

Notes. * Assemble the schema on a good quality PCB. * Inductor L1 can be made by making 4 turns of 24SWG enameled copper wire on a 6mm dia: plastic former. * T1 can be a radio frequency transformer with built in capacitor. (Can be found on old transistor radio boards). * Antenna A1 can be a 1M long copper wire. (Experiment with the length to get optimum performance). * This transmitter is working in VHF band somewhat between 50 – 210MHz. * This transmitter is compatible only with PAL B and PAL G systems.

Monday, September 8, 2014

Electronic Digital Combination lock Wiring diagram Schematic

The schema above above makes use of the CMOS 4017 decade counter IC. Each depression of a switch steps the output through 0– 9. By coupling the output via an AND gate to the next IC, a predefined code has to be input to create the output. Each PBS switch is de bounced by tw1o gates of a CMOS4001 quad 2-input NOR gate. This ensures a clean pulse to the input of each CMOS4017 counter. Only when the correct number of presses at PBS Awill allow PBS B to become active. This is similar for PBS C and PBS D. At IC4, PBS D must be pressed 7 times. Then PBS C is again pressed 7 times, stepping from output 1 to output 8. The AND gate formed around CMOS4081 then goes high, lighting the LED. The Reset switch can be pressed at any time. Power on resetis provided by the 100n capacitor near the reset switch. Below is a picture of one that I made about 15 years ago:

Unfortunately, this board was part of a much larger project containing multiple power supplies. One day whilst working on another schema , I slipped with a wire and splashed 24volts DConto this board. There was a small spark, and puff of smoke before all this chips were cooked! If anyone does consider building such a schema, then my advice would be to stop and lookin your local electronic parts catalogue. There are now dedicated combination lock IC`s with combinations many time sgreater than this schema. Incidentally the number of combinations offered here is 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 9 = 90,000.Check out Dean White`s Electronic Gadgets, on the Electronic Sites Alliance web ring, he also has a combination lock schema.

LM2005 20 Watt Automotive Power Amplifier

General Description for LM2005:

The LM2005 is a dual high power amplifier, designed to deliver optimum performance and reliability for automotive deliver optimum performance and reliability for automotive vice to deliver 10W/channel into 2X (LM2005T-S), or 20W bridged monaural (LM2005T-M) into 4X, with low distortion.

Features for LM2005:

Wide supply range (8V –18V)
Externally programmable gain
With or without bootstrap
Low distortion
Low noise
High peak current capability
POe20W bridge
High voltage protection
AC and DC output short circuit protection to ground or across load
Thermal protection
Inductive load protection
Accidental open ground protection
Immunity to 40V power supply transients
3§C/W device dissipation
Pin for pin compatible with TDA2005

Circuit diagram for LM2005:

LM2005 20 Watt Automotive Power Amplifier

Datasheet for LM2005: Download

Making PC USB LCD controller project

This really a work that so cool if you like modif PC. So this is a USB interface for alphanumeric LCD display like 4 × 20 which can be controlled with LCD Smartie program. USB interface is implemented by using PIC18F2550 microcontroller, Using USB LCD modules. Below is a project of the USB LCD controller.

Schematic circuit and PCB design

source | link

Dipole Antenna for FM Radio

This is dipole antenna.when you build this you should get the same length.If not you will not be able to get the maximum harvest.Use 60-75 ohm coxial cable.

Note

# when you use insulators becareful.Because if they grounded you cant get goot result

The pair of transistors power amplifier

Already Know about the transistor above? transistor above is one of the transistors that are applied at the amplifier end audio amplifiers. Because the power output and good quality of this transistor is very popular with high-power amplifier makers.

Transistors on no other than is 2SC2922 and 2SA1216, transistor pair is already very well known as a reliable amplifier. With a price not too expensive and not too large transistor large is also very suitable. And this transistor has its own code for its quality, its code is like 5DY, 57P, 85Y, 92P, etc.. to see datsheet transistor can be seen below.

Maximum Voltage 180V

maximum collector current 17A

Total power output 200W

To more clearly and accurately datasheet can be found here.

Technology Spending Limits and the Auto Sound System

We live in a world that is constantly changing and evolving. We see it every time we buy a new car, a new television, or a new computer. We see it every other month when the iPod is putting out a new an improved model that offers more features, more disk space, and more everything, in a smaller package (well not since they added video but until then, the gadgets were getting smaller while the features were growing exponentially). The truth of the matter is that technology seems to be advancing at a rate that is nearly impossible to keep up with. That being said, you can quite literally drive yourself insane by trying to keep up with the pace of modern technology.

What you need to do in order to maintain proper sanity is decide on a level of technology that you are comfortable and confident with and go with it until it is time (by either necessity or desire) to upgrade. You do not have to be the first to purchase the latest and greatest in software and gadgetry (this has become my mantra: I do not have to be the first to own the great big bad new toy, I will survive gadget deprivation-it isnt working yet but Im ever the optimist). The point is that you do not need to be the first to try every new thing and you will not only wear yourself out by trying but also you bank account, credit cards, and second mortgage. Technology is expensive, especially the newest and latest. If there was any doubt stroll on over to Ebay and see how much Play Station 3s are selling for at the moment-madness and lunacy do not even begin to subscribe the amount of money people are offering to pay for these devices.

Technology is a wonderful thing. It makes life easier for some and a lot more entertaining for others. The same holds true with auto sound systems. The technology exists to make them much more beneficial to car and driver than they have been in the past while offering many more features than ever before. Today you arent even limited to AM and FM. You now have the option of CDs, audio books, MP3s, XML, and digital FM radio, which offers a few bonus features over traditional radio. It really doesnt matter if you have the absolute latest. Most of us can enjoy a great deal of the wonderful technology that is available if we are willing to wait long enough for the prices to go down. I recall, and it wasnt all that long ago, when DVD players sold for no less than $100. You can get them now (about 5 years later) on a regular basis for less than $30. This is only one example of many. PS2s were around $400 when they first hit the market and now can be bought at the whopping price of $120. All around us technology evolves and grows and then prices fall.

The point is spend your money where you want to spend it rather than where you think it should be spent. If you want an auto sound system then get the best one that you feel meets your budget requirements. You do not have to have the top system in the technology food chain in order to have a great sound system that will provide you with years worth of enjoyment. You are the only one that is responsible for the decisions you make. It is up to you to decide where you want the bulk of your money invested when it comes to technological gadgets and goodies. Believe me, Im a gadget geek. I love playing with new toys and gizmos and seeing how they work-really, for me its a thrill. At the same time I realize I cant always be the first to get the new toys I so desperately want to try out so I limit myself and decide which ones are the most important. You must do this for yourself when it comes to auto sound systems.

Long range Burglar Alarm Using Laser Torch

Laser torch-based burglar alarms normally work in darkness only. But this long-range photoelectric alarm can work reliably in daytime also to warn you against intruders in your big compounds, etc. The alarm comprises laser transmitter and receiver units, which are to be mounted on the opposite pillars of the entry gate. Whenever anyone enters to interrupt the transmitted laser beam falling on the receiver, the buzzer in the receiver schema sounds an alarm.

The range of this burglar alarm is around 30 metres, which means you can place the transmitter and the receiver up to 30 metres apart. Since the laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of 500 metres, this range can be increased by orienting the phototransistor sensor properly. To avoid false triggering by sunlight, mount the phototransistor sensor such that it doesn’t directly face sunlight.

Long-range Burglar Alarm Using Laser Torch

Fig. 1: Circuit of laser torch based transmitter

The transmitter schema is powered by 3V DC. The astable multivibrator built around timer 7555 (IC1) produces 5.25kHz frequency. CMOS version of timer 7555 is used for low-voltage operation. The body of the laser torch is connected to the emitter of npn transistor T1 and the spring-loaded lead protruding from inside the torch is connected to the ground.

The receiver schema is powered by 12V DC. It uses photoDarlington 2N5777 (T2) to sense the laser beam transmitted from the laser torch. The output beam signals from photoDarlington are given to the two-stage amplifier followed by switching schema, etc. As long as the laser beam falls on photoDarlington T2, relay RL1 remains un-energised and the buzzer does not sound. Also, LED1 doesn’t glow.

Long-range Burglar Alarm Using Laser Torch

Fig. 2: Receiver schema

When anyone interrupts the laser beam falling on photoDarlington T2, npn transistor T6 stops conducting and npn transistor T7 is driven into conduction. As a result, LED1 glows and relay RL1 energises to sound the buzzer for a few seconds (determined by the values of resistor R15 and capacitor C10). At the same time, the large indication load (230V AC alarm for louder sounds or any other device for momentary indication) also gets activated as it is connected to 230V AC mains via normally opened (N/O) contact of relay RL1.

Sourced By : EFY Author: Pradeep G.