Panel switch wiring

Friday, December 12, 2014

Electronic liquid detector circuit diagram

This electronic liquid detector circuit diagram is based on the ULN2429A monolithic bipolar integrated circuit designed for detecting the absence or presence of many different types of liquids. The ULN2429 electronic liquid detector circuit can be used in automotive , home or industrial applications .

Thursday, November 20, 2014

Doubler Digital Frequency

Doubler Digital Frequencycircuit includes a simple and easy to understand. Digital Frequency Doubler circuit application contained in the system electronics such as audio-producing organ, or keyboard. The function of this series Digital Frequency Doubler for multiplying two input frequencies. The process of multiplying 2 on scales in an organ in principle is like this series Digital Frequency Doubler. Example of rising to a ringing tone DO RE then electronically technique in it is by multiplying the two frequency bands such as this series Digital Frequency Doubler.

Doubler Digital Frequency

Wednesday, November 19, 2014

ADC 0804 Microcontroler Interface Engineering

In ADC 0804 interface techniques with microcontrollers are pin-pin control must be controlled if we want to use the ADC with the microcontroller, there is value addition refferensi voltage to be supplied in 0804 ADC interface with a microcontroller, for example, we use the 0804 ADC (8 bit), if we give refferensi voltage 2.55 volts then we will get the increase of 1 bit to change 10 mVolt. Please note that the 0804 ADC pin on the leg that is form Vref Vref / 2, so to get a 10mV resolution is necessary for setting Vref / 2 equal to 1.275 V

The interface circuit microcontroller with ADC 0804

Mechanical interface microcontroller with ADC 0804

The steps in accessing data from the ADC 0804 by the microcontroller sebgai follows;

Enable ADC with signal 0 at the foot of Chip Select.

Give commands from conversion by providing a low pulse to the foot of the ADC Write narrow

Wait for the ADC issued a signal 0 from his leg INT

Give a moment of time delay for data from the ADC is correct

Give the read command by giving the signal 0 at the foot of ADC Read

Give a moment of time delay Now data from the ADC is ready for use and if the microcontroller.

Tuesday, November 18, 2014

Powerful Bat Detector device

Powerful Bat Detector device Circuit Diagram

The Powerful Bat Detector is a abundance analysis blazon device. Abundance analysis blazon detectors acquiesce you to apprehend accelerated complete by digitally ascent the abundance bottomward into the animal audition range. For instance, a western pipistrelle bat emits accelerated complete in the ambit of 53 to 91 kHz. If you bisect that abundance by 16, the new abundance ambit is 3.3 to 5.7 kHz, calmly aural our audition range. Because the analysis is done digitally, all amplitude advice is lost. Accelerated sources candy by the detector catechumen to sounds like geiger-counter clicks and chirps.

The basal ambit of the Simple Bat Detector is apparent in the schematic diagram to the right. It is about composed of 3 chip circuits, or ICs. The arresting from an accelerated transducer is fed to IC-1, an LM386 audio amplifier, which is configured to accommodate a arresting accretion of 200. The arresting is accompanying to IC-2, a added LM386, by a .05 uf capacitor. IC-2 is configured to accommodate an added accretion of 20, for a absolute arrangement accretion of 4,000. The achievement of IC-2 is absolute accompanying to the ascribe of IC-3, a 7 date CMOS agenda affiliate circuit. The ascribe date of the affiliate acts as a aught bridge detector, triggering on the abrogating alteration of the arresting from IC-2. The bisect by 16 achievement is affiliated to a potentiometer, which serves as an audio akin control. A aerial impedance bowl earphone is affiliated to the achievement of the akin control. The 10K akin ascendancy is a baby printed ambit pot that is set and forgotten. The detector ambit is powered by a nine volt battery. ( The numbers abutting to the IC nodes accredit to the pin numbers of the ICs. Note the added pins listed at the basal of the schematic that charge to be angry to ground. )

A above advantage of a abundance analysis detector is that it is a advanced bandage accessory ... that agency it will let you apprehend all apparent bat sounds after the charge to tune the detector to any accurate frequency. Heterodyne detectors, which action accelerated complete in the analog domain, alone catechumen a baby ambit of frequencies at any accustomed time - you charge baddest which frequencies to accept to. If you tune up about 60 kHz to accept for a pipistrelle, you may not apprehend the big amber bats aerial nearby. The abundance analysis detector works in the agenda domain, converting the abounding spectrum of complete that the transducer is able to detect. So you get to accept to all of the accelerated sounds about you, after missing annihilation due to adverse affability choices. I feel this no-knobs-needed appropriate of the abundance analysis detector makes it a abundant best for the accidental bat observer, and student.

Monday, November 17, 2014

Multiplexer Circuit With Logic Gate

Multiplexer circuit with a logic gate is a multiplexer circuit that utilizes a combination of logic gates.

Where the above example can be seen that the circuit has 2 bit selector and 4 input lines. You can make a circuit with more input channels by increasing the number of bits of the selector. And also you can use a combination of gates based on your own design with reference to the previous multiplexer truth table you should specify. So by making a truth table in advance you can easily create a series of logic gates.

The working principle of the multiplexer circuit above is:

1. Value of bit 00 from the selector will choose the path of the first input as the output
2. Value of bit 01 of the selector will choose the path of the second input as output
3. Value of bit 10 of the selector selects the third input lines as output
4. Value of bit 11 of the selector will choose the four input channels as output
5. As long as there is no change in the bit selector logic condition of the output logic state also will not be amended.
6. If the line selector is connected with a series of counter-up the output to be obtained will represent the input lines in sequence.
7. So it can be concluded that the usefulness of the implementation of a multiplexer function is to satisfy the principle of a simple data distribution. Thus, with multiplexers is possible to transmit data remotely using only one connection.

Saturday, November 15, 2014

100W MOSFET POWER AMPLIFIER

A 100W MOSFET power amplifier circuit based on IRFP240 and IRFP9240 MOSFETs is shown here. The amplifier operates from a +45/-45 V DC dual supply and can deliver 100 watt rms into an 8 ohm speaker and 160 watt rms into a 4 ohm speaker. This Hi-Fi amplifier circuit is suitable for a lot applications like general purpose amplifier, guitar amplifier, keyboard amplifier. The amplifier can be also used as a sub woofer amplifier but a subwoofer filter stage has to be added before the input stage. The amplifier has a low distortion of 0.1%, a damping factor greater than 200, input sensitivity of 1.2V and the bandwidth is from 4Hz to 4 KHz.

Circuit Diagram

About the Circuit

Capacitor C8 is the input DC decoupling capacitor which blocks DC voltage if any from the input source. IF unblocked, this DC voltage will alter the bias setting s of the succeeding stages. Resistor R20 limits the input current to Q1 C7 bypasses any high frequency noise from the input. Transistor Q1 and Q2 forms the input differential pair and the constant current source circuit built around Q9 and Q10 sources 1mA. Preset R1 is used for adjusting the voltage at the output of the amplifier. Resistors R3 and R2 sets the gain of the amplifier. The second differential stage is formed by transistors Q3 and Q6 while transistors Q4 and Q5 forms a current mirror which makes the second differential pair to drain an identical current. This is done in order to improve linearity and gain. Power amplification stage based on Q7 and Q8 which operates in the class AB mode. Preset R8 can be used for adjusting the quiescent current of the amplifier. The network comprising of capacitor C3 and resistor R19 improves high frequency stability and prevents the chance of oscillation. F1 and F2 are safety fuses.

Circuit Setup

Set R1 at midpoint before powering up and then adjust it slowly in order to get a minimum voltage (less than 50mV0 at the output. Next step is setting up the quiescent current and keep the preset R8 in minimum resistance and connect a multimeter across points marked X & Y in the circuit diagram. Now adjust R8 so that the multimeter reads 16.5mV which corresponds to 50mA quiescent current.

Notes

Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB.
Use a +45/-45 V DC, 3A dual supply for powering the circuit.
Power supply voltage must not exceed +55/-55 V DC.
Before connecting the speaker, check the zero signal output voltage of the amplifier and in any case it should not be higher than 50mV. If it is higher than 50mV, check the circuit for any error. Replacing Q1, Q2 with another set could also solve the problem.
Fit Q7 and Q8 to a 2°C/W heat sink. Both Q7 and Q8 must be isolated from the heat sink using mica sheets. Heat sink mounting kits for almost all power transistors/ MOSFETs of almost all package styles are readily available in the market.
All resistors other than R10, R11 and R19 are 1/4 watt metal film resistors. R10 and R11 are 5W wire wound type while R19 is a 3W wire wound type.

Power Supply for the 100W MOSFET Power Amplifier

Thursday, November 13, 2014

12V fixed voltage power supply circuit diagram

Here this circuit diagram is for +12V regulated (fixed voltage) DC power supply. These power supply circuit diagram is ideal for an average current requirement of 1Amp. This circuit is based on IC LM7812. It is a 3-terminal (+ve) voltage regulator IC. It has short circuit protection , thermal overload protection. LM7812 IC is from LM78XX series. The LM78XX series IC is positive voltage regulator IC for different voltage requirements, for example LM7805 IC is made for 5 volt fixed output voltage . There is LM79XX IC series for negative voltage .

Circuit diagram of 12V fixed voltage power supply

A transformer(Tx=Primary 230 Volt, Secondary 12 Volt , 1Amp step down transformer) is used to covert 230V to 12V from mains. Here used a bridge rectifier made by four 1N4007 or 1N4003 diode to convert AC to DC . The filtering capacitor 1000uF,25V is used to reduce the ripple and get a smooth DC voltage. This circuit is very easy to build. For good performance input voltage should be greater than 12Volt in pin-1 of IC LM7812. Use a heat sink to IC LM7812 for safeguarding it from overheating.

Fig: 12V power supply circuit diagram